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Published  by  the 


f>(^      South  Dakota 

/T  State  Board  of  Health 


The  Mothers'  Book 


I  ..  ir       I-  ^/^  i-U  biology  yw«-!i^ 

Intelhgent  Mothers 

Healthier   Babies 

Greater  South  Dakota 


COURTESY  NEW  VORK  TRIBUNE 


We  Endeavor 

To  Reduce  the  Toll  of  Preventable 

Infant   Deaths 

To  Promote  and  Maintain  a  Sturdy 

Citizenship 

by 

Calling  Your  Attention  to  Needs 

Met  and  Needs  Not  Met 

for  the  Welfare  of 

Your  Chiid 

Published  by  the  State  Board  of  Health 


^"i^ 


In  the  preparation  of  this  book  frequent  use  has 
been  made  of  "The  Baby  and  You,"  published  by  the 
Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health,  "Hygiene  and  the 
Child,"  "Infancy  and  Childhood,"  by  Holt,  Publications 
of  the  Province  of  Quebec  Board  of  Health,  The  United 
States  Public  Health  Service  and  the  American  Medical 
Association. 


CONTEXTS 

AS   YOUR   CHILD   GROWS   OLDER — 

Age   to    Begin   School    36 

Know   Your   Child's    Friends    36 

Moral    Instructions    36 

Faults     36 

Will    Power    37 

Temper     37 

Untruthfulness     38 

Impudence      38 

Corporal     Punishment     39 

BATHING — 

Directions   For   the   Bath   13 

Temperature    of    Bath    13 

Older    Children    13 

The    Head    14 

BEFORE   BABY   COMES — 

Signs    of    Pregnancy    9 

Exercise   and    Air    9 

Clothing  and   Bathing    .■...--   9 

Care  of  the  Breast  9 

Diet     9 

Bowels      10 

List  of  Necessary  Things  for  Baby  10 

List  of  Necessary  Things  for  the  Mother   10 

CARE  OF  EYES,  MOUTH,  NOSE,  AND  EARS — 

Eyes      14 

Mouth     14 

Nose    and    Ears    - 14 

CARE  OF  THE  GROWING  CHILD'S  TEETH  34 

CLOTHING — 

Winter      14 

Summer 15 

Night    Clothing    15 

Bands      15 

Diapers     15 

Shoes       15 

DEVELOPMENT   OF   SPECIAL  SENSES — 

Sentition     41 

Sight     39 

Hearing    40 

Touch     40 

Taste     41 

Speech 41 

Eruption    of   the    Permanent      Teeth 42 

DIFFERENTIAL    CHART   OF   ERUPTIVE   CON- 
TAGIOUS    DISEASES     44 

3 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


FEEDING^ 

Breast     20 

Bottle     22 

Mixture    No.    1    22 

Mixture    No.    2    23 

Mixture    No.    3    23 

Mixture    No.    4    24 

Mixture    No.    5    24 

Mixed    Feeding    24 

Weaning     24 

Food   for   the  Child   During   its  Second  Year 25 

Remarks    Regarding    the    Preparation     and     Ad- 
ministration   of    Artificial    Food    25 

Treatment   of   Milk   by   Heat   26 

How    to    Prepare    Barley   Water 27 

Bottles   and    Nipples   28 

Things   to   be   Remembered   .*. 28 

Sleep     - 29 

Exercise    29 

Clothing     30 

FEEDING    THE    GROWING    CHILD    DURING 

THE    SECOND    YEAR    30 

FEEDING   THE   CHILD   OF   THREE   32 

PENDING  THE  DOCTOR'S  ARRIVAL  WHAT 
SHOULD  BE  DONE  FOR  THE  CHILD 

Suffering     from     Diarrhea     18 

Advice  to  Nursing  Mothers  19 

A  Mother  Owes  Her  Milk  to   Her  Child 20 

RULES   FOR    CALCULATING    GESTATION    PERIOD 8 

SUMMER  CARE  OF  BABIES — 

Food     16 

Clothing     16 

Bathing 16 

Fresh    Air    16 

Sleep     16 

Good    Habits    16 

Vaccination   Against   Small    Pox   17 

Causes    of    Summer    Diarrhea 17 

TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT,  HEIGHT,  AND 
CIRCUMFERENCE  OP  HEAD  AND  CHEST 
FROM    BIRTH    TO    THE    SIXTEENTH    YEAR 43 

WHEN  BABY   COMES — 

New    Born    Baby    11 

Care  of  Eyes  11 

Baby's    Bed    11 

Registration    of    Birth    12 


A 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


A  Man  is  Known  by  His  Friends. 

— Hygiene    and    the    Child 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


TO    THE    MOTHER 


You  must  remember  that  your  baby  is  de- 
pendent upon  you  for  its  physical  and  mental 
development.  It  may  grow  up  and  live  a  useful 
life,  or  it  may  pass  away  in  childhood.  This  life 
is  intrusted  to  your  care;  if  you  guard  it  with 
devotion  and  intelligence  you  have  accomplished 
the  greatest  duty  alloted  to  womankind. 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


FOREWORD 

The  State  Board  of  Health  has  found  that 
the  death  rate  is  excessive  among  our  infants, 
and  it  is  with  the  idea  of  securing  a  more  in- 
telligent cooperation  from  our  mothers  that  we 
are  placing  this  little  booklet  into  every  home  in 
South    Dakota    where    there    are    babies. 

The  physical  development  wholly,  and  the 
mental  development  largely,  are  dependent  upon 
inheritance,  surroundings  and  food.  Inheritance 
is  beyond  our  power  to  alter,  and  surroundings 
and  food  are  under  absolute  control  of  the 
child's    parents. 

Intestinal  diseases  are  the  cause  of  one- 
third  to  one-half  of  all  deaths  among  our  in- 
fants up  to  the  age  of  two  years,  and  babies  who 

have  been  sufferers  from  these  diseases  and 
have  survived,  often  exist  in  a  state  of  impaired 

vitality  which  renders  them  an  easy  prey  to 
other  diseases.  Therefore,  it  is  against  intes- 
tinal diseases  that  sanitarians  everywhere  di- 
rect their  efforts  to  lower  the  death  rate  among 
infants. 


The  Mother's  Book 


RULES  FOR  CALCULATING  GESTATION 

PERIOD 

The  general  rule  is:  Count  forward  nine 
months  and  seven  days  from  date  of  beginning 
of  last  menstruation.  However,  the  varying 
number  of  days  in  the  month  modifies  this 
slightly.  Below  is  a  table  of  the  months  in  de- 
tail. 

Beginning    of  Take    the 

last  same  And  Add 

Menstruation  day  of 

'Jan Oct 7    days 

Feb .' Nov 7 

March    Dec 5 

April    Jan 5 

May     Feb 4 

June     March 7 

July    April 6 

Aug May 7 

Sept June 7 

Oct July 7 

Nov Aug 7 

Dec Sept 6 

Example : 

Beginning  of  last  menstruation,  April  14th; 
take  Jan.  14th  and  add  5  days,  making  Jan.  19th 
as  probable  date  of  confinement. 

Menstruation  May  31st;  as  February  has 
only  28  days,  the  day  which  would  correspond  to 
the  31st  would  be  March  3d,  to  which  you  add 
4  days,  making  March  7th  probable  day  of  con- 
finement. However,  it  is  well  known  that  women 
do  not  always  fulfill  the  exact  period.  By  any 
known  method  of  calculation  we  can  only  arrive 
at  the  probable  date  of  confinement. 

8 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


BEFORE  BABY  COMES 

1.  Cessation   of   monthly   periods. 

2.  Changes  in  the  breasts. 

3.  Morning  sickness. 

4.  Movements  of  the  child. 

Walks  in  the  open  air  should  be  taken  during 
the  entire  course  of  pregnancy.  Exercise  in  the 
fresh  air  and  housework,  with  the  windows  open, 
are  better  than  medicine,  but  overfatigue,  violent 
exercise  and  great  mental  excitement  are  to  be 
avoided. 

Loose,  comfortable  clothing  is  essential  to  the 
comfort  of  the  mother  and  the  welfare  of  the  child. 
Skirts  and  dresses  should  hang  from  the  shoulders, 
and  no  tight  bands  should  confine  waist  or  chest. 

Daily  bathing  is  necessary  for  the  best  health 
of  the  mother. 

Teeth  often  decay  while  the  baby  is  coming 
and  need  special  care  to  keep  them  clean.  If  a  wo- 
man is  pregnant  she  should  go  to  a  dentist  by  the 
end  of  the  fourth  month  and  have  her  teeth  put 
in  good  condition. 

Breasts  and  nipples  should  be  kept  clean.  For 
toughening  they  should  be  scrubbed  at  bedtime 
with  warm  water  and  soap,  using  a  soft  brush, 
and  afterwards  anointed  with  vaseline. 

It  is  necessary  to  drink  plenty  of  water  so  that 
the  kidneys  will  act  freely. 

The  best  diet  includes  a  large  proportion  of 
liquids,  a  small  proportion  of  meat  and  a  generous 
proportion  of  fresh  fruit  and  vegetables. 

Avoid  all  stimulants,  such  as  whiskey,  beer 
and  wine.  Reduce  your  amount  of  tea  and  coffee, 
drink  milk  and  other  liquids,  such  as  cocoa,  broths 
and  buttermilk. 

Do  not  overeat;  it  is  better  to  eat  lightly  sev- 


Signs  of 
Pregnancy 


Exercise   and 
Air 


Clotliing 
Bathing 


and 


Care    of 
Breasts 


Diet 


9 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


eral  times  a  day;  this  may  do  much  to  relieve  the 
nausea. 
Bowels  It  is  important  that  the  bowels  should  move 

freely  at  least  once  a  day.  A  proper  laxative  diet 
will  include  fresh  fruits,  cooked  fruits,  graham  and 
coarse  bread.  Ordinary  bran  eaten  raw,  with  whole- 
some cream,  is  often  extremely  beneficial,  also 
bread  made  as  follows: 

1  cup  molasses. 

1  teaspoonful  soda. 

1    small   teaspoonful   salt. 

1  pint  sour  milk. 

1  quart  bran. 

1  pint  flour. 
Stir  well  and  bake  for  one  hour  in  a  very  slow 
oven. 

LIST  OF  NECESSARY  THINGS  FOR  BABY 

2  light  weight  blankets. 

3  cotton  and  wool,  or  silk  and  wool  undershirts. 

4  cotton  slips. 

3  flannel  or  flannelette  petticoats. 
2  dozen  diapers,  made  of  birdseye. 
1  box  talcum  powder. 
1  box  boric  acid. 

1  piece  non-irritating  toilet  soap. 

2  dozen  safety  pins,  large  and  small. 
Quarter  pound  sterile  gauze. 
Quarter  pound  sterile  absorbent  cotton. 

1  set  scales. 

FOR  THE  MOTHER 

3  night  gowns. 

IV2  yds.  square  of  oil  cloth  or  rubber  sheeting. 

2  pounds    absorbent    cotton. 

2  pounds  sterilized  gauze  or  clean  linen. 

10 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


As  soon  as  you  know  a  baby  is  coming  place 
yourself  under  the  care  of  your  physician. 

The  expectant  mother  requires  an  extra 
amount  of  sleep,  and  a  daytime  rest  for  an  hour  or 
two  is  desirable.  She  should  keep  the  windows 
open  day  and  night. 

WHEN   THE   BABY    COMES 

There  should  be  a  warm,  soft  blanket  to  re-     ^^^  ^^^^ 
ceive  the  baby.  Baby 

The  eyes  should  be  carefully  cleansed  with  a  ^^^.^  ^^  ^^^^^ 
saturated  solution  of  boric  acid,  using  a  piece  of 
sterile  absorbent  cotton  for  each  eye,  and  into  each 
eye  the  doctor  or  nurse  should  put  two  or  three 
drops  of  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver 
to  prevent  sore  eyes,  and,  possibly,  blindness. 

After  the  baby's  eyes  have  been  cleaned  and 
treated  as  directed,  the  body  should  be  oiled  with 
warm,  sterilized  sweet  oil  or  vaseline.  At  birth 
there  is  on  the  baby's  skin,  particularly  under  the 
arms,  between  the  lingers  and  toes,  and  in  the 
creases  of  the  skin,  an  accumulation  of  a  white 
cheeselike  substance  that  can  only  be  removed 
with  oil. 

If  the  baby  is  robust,  after  the  oil  bath  a 
warm  water  bath  may  be  given.  Keep  the  child 
warm  and  covered  as  much  as  possible  during  the 
bath,  which  must  be  gently  but  quickly  given. 

The  baby  should  be  placed  in  a  quiet,  darkened 
room  properly  protected  against  cold,  but  not  sur- 
rounded with  too  many  hot-water  bags  or  bottles. 

The  baby  should  have  a  bed  by  itself.  A  large 
clothes  basket  makes  a  satisfactory  bed  for  a 
little  baby.  It  can  be  moved  easily  and  kept 
clean.  When  the  baby  sits  up,  it  is  a  good  place  in 
which  to  play.  The  basket  should  be  furnished 
with  a  hair  pillow  for  a  mattress,  protected  by  a 

11 


Baby's    Bed 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Registration 
Birth 


piece  of  rubber  sheeting  or  oilcloth,  and  a  piece 
of  padding  over  that. 

Little  blankets  made  of  cheesecloth  stuffed 
with  cotton  batting  and  sewed  through,  like  puffs, 
are  warm,  easily  washed  and  kept  clean. 

See  that  the  baby's  birth  is  promptly  and 
properly    registered. 

The  baby  may  need  his  birth  certificate  to 
prove — 

His  citizenship. 

His  right  to  go  to  school. 

His   right   to   inherit  property. 

His  right  to  working  papers. 


12 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


BATHING 


A  full  tub  bath  may  be  given  as  soon  as  the 
scar  where  the  navel  cord  was  attached  has  fully 
healed. 

Before  handling  the  baby  the  mother  should 

first  wash  her 
own  hands  care- 
fully, to  re- 
move   all    dirt. 

During  the 
first  few  months 
the  bath  should 
be  given  at  98 
degrees  F.  The 
room  should  be 
warm,  the  bath 
short,  and  the 
body  dried  quick- 
ly without  too  vigorous  rubbing. 

The  addition  of  one  large  handful  of  salt  to 
one  gallon  of  water  is  an  advantage  where  the  skin 
is  delicate. 

By  the  sixth  month  the  temperature  of  the 
bath   for   healthy   infants   may  be   lowered   to   95 

degrees  F.,  and  by  the  end  of  the  first  year  to  90 
degrees  F. 

Older  children  who  are  healthy  should  be 
sponged  or  douched  for  a  moment  at  the  close  of 
a  tepid  bath  with  water  at  65  degrees  to  70  de- 
grees F. 

During  childhood  the  warm  bath  is  preferably 
given  at  night,  and  in  the  morning  a  cold  sponge 
bath  is  desired;  this  should  be  given  in  a  warm 
room  while  the  child  stands  in  a  tub  partly  filled 
with  warm  water.  The  cold  sponge  should  last 
but  one-half  minute,  and  should  be  followed  by  a 
brisk  rubbing  of  the  whole  body. 

13 


Directions 
for  the 
Bath 


Temperature 
of   Bath 


Older 
Children 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


In  instances  where  children  do  not  thrive  and 
do  not  appear  in  perfect  health,  where  there  is  no 
reaction  after  the  bath,  a  physician  should  be 
consulted,  as  it  is  probably  due  to  some  impair- 
ment of  the  child's  vitality. 
The  Head  The   baby's   head   should  be  washed  carefully 

every  day;  if  a  scaly  or  yellowish  skin  appears  on 
it,  the  head  should  be  greased  at  night  with  vase- 
line or  sweet  oil.  In  the  morning,  after  washing 
it,  the  head  should  be  very  gently  brushed  with  a 
baby's  soft  hair  brush. 


Eyes 


Mouth 


Nose  and 
Ears 


CARE  OF  EYES,  MOUTH,  NOSE  AND  EARS 

Whether  the  baby  is  awake  or  asleep  his  eyes 
should  be  shielded  from  strong  light,  either  sun- 
light or  artificial,  and  from  dust  and  wind.  Clean 
the  corners  of  eyes  and  eyelids  with  a  soft  piece 
of  cotton  wet  in  warm  boiled  water,  using  a  sep- 
arate piece  for  each  eye. 

Never  put  a  soiled  finger  inside  the  baby's 
mouth.  If  the  mouth  must  be  washed  use  a  twisted 
piece  of  sterile  absorbent  cotton,  wet  in  warm 
boiled  water. 

The  baby's  nose  should  be  cleaned  every  day 
with  a  piece  of  absorbent  cotton,  wet  in  warm 
boiled  water  and  the  external  ear  cleaned  in  the 
same  way. 

All  cotton  used  for  cleansing  nose,  mouth, 
ears  and  eyes   should  be  burned. 


CLOTHING 


Winter 


All  baby  clothing  should  be  loose  and  roomy. 

The  baby  is  sensitive  to  both  heat  and  cold. 
When  he  goes  out  in  cold  weather  he  should  wear 
a  warm  woolen  cap  and  a  coat  long  enough  to  turn 
up  at  the  bottom,  making  a  bag.     In  cold  weather 

14 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


the  baby's  legs  should  be  entirely  covered,  and  the 
stockings   pinned  to   the   diaper. 

During  the  summer  months  the  outer  cloth- 
ing should  be  light  and  the  underclothing  should 
be  of  the  thinnest  flannel.  Changes  in  the  tem- 
perature of  the  morning  and  evening  should  be 
met  by  extra  wraps. 

The  night  clothing  of  infants  should  be  loose 
and  of  the  lightest  flannel.  It  is  a  common  mis- 
take to  overload  children,  especially  infants,  with 
covering  at  night;  this  is  the  usual  cause  of  the 
restless  sleep  which  is  seen  in  delicate  children. 

Strips  of  flannel  five  inches  wide  and  sixteen 
inches  long  are  used  to  hold  the  navel  dressing  in 
place,  but  they  must  never  be  drawn  tightly  around 
the  body.  As  soon  as  the  navel  heals  the  knitted 
loose  bands  should  be  substituted  for  the  flannel 
bands. 

The  ordinary  diaper  is  hot  and  clumsy,  and  a 
wad  of  thick  material  between  the  legs  is  bad 
for  the  baby.  A  good  substitute  for  the  diaper  in 
common  use  for  the  newborn  baby  is  birdseye,  or 
any  other  soft  material. 

Wet  diapers  make  a  baby  fretty,  and  during 
the  mother's  waking  hours  the  diaper  should  be 
changed  as  often  as  it  is  wet  or  soiled.  In  the 
night  it  should  be  changed  when  the  baby  is  taken 
up  to  be  fed. 

Soiled  diapers  should  be  washed  as  soon  as 
possible.  All  soap  used  in  washing  them  should  Be 
thoroughly   rinsed   out. 

Do  not  let  the  flies  get  at  the  soiled  diapers, 
as  they  carry  filth  to  the  baby  and  make  him  sick. 

No  shoes  should  be  worn  until  the  baby  begins 
to  creep.  The  first  shoes  for  the  baby  should  have 
soft  soles.  As  soon  as  the  baby  begins  to  stand 
the  shoes  should  have  stiff  soles. 


Summer 


Night 
Clotliing 


Bands 


Diapers 


Shoes 


15 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


The  shoes  should  be  the  shape  of  the  baby's 


foot. 


SUMMER   CARE    OF   BABIES 


Food 

Clothing 

Bathing 

Fresh    Air 


In  very  hot  weather  the  baby  needs  less  food 
but  more  cooled  boiled  water  to  drink. 

The  clothing  in  hot  weather  should  be  very 
light. 

Bathe  the  baby  morning  and  evening  and,  on 
hot  days,  also  in  the  middle  of  the  day.  Keep  the 
skin  clean,  dry  and  powdered. 

Baby  needs  fresh  air  as  much  as  fresh  food. 
Keep  him  out  of  doors  as  much  as  possible,  but 
avoid  the  sun  on  hot  days.  In  very  hot  weather 
take  him  out  early  in  the  morning  and  in  the  late 
afternoon  and  early  evening.  Take  the  baby  to 
the  lake  and  to  the  country  whenever  you  can. 


SLEEP 

A  young  baby  sleeps  eighteen  to  twenty 
hours  out  of  twenty-four. 

At  six  months  of  age,  about  sixteen  hours. 

At  one  year  of  age,  fourteen  hours. 

At  two  years  of  age,  twelve  hours. 

Day  time  naps  should  be  continued  as  long  as 
possible. 

The    sleeping   room    should   be   darkened    and 

well  ventilated,  the  windows  open  at  the  top  and 

bottom.    If  the  baby  cries  when  he  should  be  asleep 
he  is  probably  sick,  overfed  or  hungry. 

GOOD   HABITS 

Do  not  get  him  into  the  habit  of  expecting 
to  be  carried  about  if  he  cries. 

Train  him  to  go  to  sleep  by  himself  in  the 
dark. 

16 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


VACCINATION  AGAINST  SMALLPOX 

Every  child  should  be  vaccinated  before  the 
age  of  four  months,  unless  the  physician  deems 
it  wise  to  wait.  Should  there  be  smallpox  in  the 
locality,  the  child  should  be  vaccinated  at  birth. 


PURULENT   INFECTION   OF   THE   EYES 

Sixty  per  cent  of  the  born  blind  owe  their  in- 
firmity to  an  infection  of  the  eyes  during  the  con- 
finement, and  which  unfortunately  was  left  with- 
out immediate  treatment.  The  development  of  the 
disease  may  be  prevented  if  the  child  is  timely 
attended  to.  Thus,  if  a  few  hours  after  birth,  or 
at  any  time  during  the  first  two  weeks,  the  eyes 
become  inflamed,  and  especially  if  there  be  se- 
cretions, the  physician  should  be  summoned  at 
once. 

CAUSES  OF  SUMMER  DIARRHEA 

Uncleanliness,  as  it  pertains  to  the  care  of 
the  baby,  his  body,  his  clothes,  his  bed  and  his 
home,  is  an  important  cause  of  sickness. 

During  the  hot  weather  the  rules  previously 
given  for  bathing,  clothing  and  airing  should  be 
carefully  observed.  There  is  more  danger  from 
overdressing  than  from  underdressing  during  the 
hot  weather. 

Especial  attention  .should  be  directed  toward 
the  removal  of  all  soiled  clothes  from  the  room 
and  the  thorough  boiling  of  the  diapers. 

The  baby  must  be  protected  against  flies  and 
insects  by  properly  screening  the  bed,  or  what  is 
better,  preventing  the  entrance  of  insects  by 
screening  the  house.  Flies  and  insects  communi- 
cate   disease   by    carrying   filth    germs.      Domestic 

17 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


animals,  such  as  dogs  and  cats,  should  be  excluded 
from  the  baby's  room.  It  needs  only  to  be  re- 
peated that  improper  ventilation  ol  nis  room  and 
excessive  heat  are  dangerous  to  the  baby.  This 
applies  to  the  heat  out  of  doors  as  v;ell  as  exces- 
sive heat  in  the  home. 

PENDING    THE    DOCTOR'S    ARRIVAL,    WHAT 
SHOULD  BE  DONE  FOR  THE  CHILD  SUF- 
FERING FROM  DIARRHEA 

Should  the  child  have  diarrhea,  summon  the 
physician  immediately;  he  is  often  called  too  late 
to  save  the  child's  life. 

It  is  of  utmost  importance  not  to  lose  any 
time.  From  the  very  first  green  stool,  stop  all 
milk  feeding,  mother's  milk  as  well  as  cow's  milk, 
and  without  delay  administer  a  teaspoonful  oi 
castor  oil ;  then  in  order  to  keep  the  elimination  of 
the  fermented  matters  from  the  bowels  which 
act  as  poisons,  give  boiled  water  in  quantity  equal 
to  that  of  the  milk  which  has  been  withheld. 
Should  the  physician's  visit  be  delayed,  keep  giving 
boiled  water  exclusively  for  twenty-four  hours,  if 
the  stools  have  not  improved;  then  give  barley 
water  or  rice  water  at  feeding  times,  extending 
somewhat  the  time  between  meals,  for  the  digestive 
powers  have  become  impaired. 

Barley  or  rice  water  should  be  continued  until 
the  stools  have  become  normal;  in  some  cases  for- 
ty-eight hours  or  even  more  are  required  before 
resuming  the  milk,  but  it  is  always  necessary  to 
follow  the  physician's  directions.  Once  the  stools 
have  become  normal,  the  milk  should  be  resorted 
to  by  degrees  only;  if  the  child  is  breast  fed,  al- 
ternate sucklings  with  barley  water  bottles;  if 
the  child  is  bottle  fed,  add  for  the  first  day  a  table 
spoonful   of  milk  in   the  bottles  of  barley  water, 

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THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


and,  if  this  change  agrees  with  the  child,  that  is, 
if  the  stools  remain  good,  the  proportion  of  milk 
may  be  gradually  increased  during  the  following 
days,  until  the  child  is  given  the  same  quantity 
as  before  its  illness. 


ADVICE  TO  NURSING  MOTHERS 

Don't   worry.     Cultivate   calm. 

Get  full  eight  hours  sleep. 

Sleep  in   a  well  ventilated   room. 

Take  a  walk  out  of  doors  every  day  except 
when  the  weather  is  inclement. 

Take  a  daily  bath.  A  sponge  bath  is  goou. 

Eat  only  plain  foods.  Pass  salads,  pickles, 
spices.  Eat  moderately  of  meats.  Eat  freely  of 
fruits  and  vegetables. 

Don't  become  constipated.  Relieve  constipatioti 
by  attending  to  nature's  calls,  by  cultivating  a  reg- 
ular habit,  by  eating  very  freely  of  fruits  and 
drinking  plenty  of  pure  water. 

Don't  take  patent  medicines,  or  indeed  any 
medicines,  except  as  the  doctor  directs. 

Take  a  nap  every  afternoon,  or  at  least  lie 
down  and  rest  for  half  an  hour. 

Don't  drink  tea  or  coffee.  The  tannin  they 
contain  causes  constipation,  and  the  caifein 
they  contain  is  a  nerve  whipper,  and  is  bad  for 
mother   and    child. 

Don't  allow  yourself  to  become  angry.  Fits 
of  temper  injure  the  breast  milk. 

Nurse  your  baby  only  five  or  six  times  daily, 
and  cut  down  the  milk  supply  if  the  baby  vomits 
it. 

See  that  your  baby  is  registered. 


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THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


A  MOTHER  OWES  HER  MILK  TO  HER  CHILD 

At  birth  the  infant  is  still  an  incomplete  being, 
and  the  mother,  alone,  can  provide  it  with  the 
exact  food  it  requires  to  develop  itself  normally;  in 
other  words,  each  mother  secretes  milk  which  is 
special  to  herself  and  which  generally  adapts  itself 
to  the  needs  of  her  infant  during  the  whole  period 
of  lactation.  Cov/'s  milk  differs  widely  from  wo- 
man's milk.  The  cow  secretes  milk  for  her  calf, 
whose  digestive  organs  are  totally  diuerent  from 
those  of  the  infant.  The  prepared  foods  on  the 
market  differ  still  more  from  the  composition  of 
woman's  milk.  A  great  advantage  of  mother's  milk 
is  that  it  passes  directly  and  pure  into  the  mouth 
of  the  infant,  while  cow's  milk  is  exposed  to  much 
filth,  and  spoils  between  the  time  it  is  milked  and 
the  feeding  of  the  child. 

In  a  word,  to  be  convinced  of  the  advantages 
of  mother's  milk,  it  is  sufficient  to  recall  that  it 
has  been  proved  that  out  of  100  deaths  in  infants 
before  reaching  the  age  of  twelve  months,  90 
per  cent  are  bottle  fed;  while  100  babies  suckled 
by  their  mothers,  the  death  rate  is  only  9  per  cent,' 
which  means  that  the  bottle  fed  baby  is  nine 
times  more  exposed  to  death  than  the  child  suck- 
led by  its  mother. 

It  is  only  in  exceptional  cases  that  a  mother 
is  unable  to  suckle  her  child;  before  taking  such 
a  step  she  should  consult  her  physician,  for  he 
alone  has  the  necessary  knowledge  to  advise  her. 

FEEDING 

Breast  The  breast  contains  the  infant's  food  already 

Feeding  prepared,   and   consequently  the  only  care   of  the 

mother  is  to  pay  attention  not  to  take  anything 

which  might  affect  her  milk.  She  should  not  take 

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THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


drugs  nor  any  alcoholic  beverages  whatever  with- 
out having  previously  consulted  her  physician,  be- 
cause these  substances  pass  into  her  milk  and  are 
often  a  poison  to  her  child.  The  most  suitable 
food  for  a  nursing  mother  is  that  which  is  sim- 
ple and  easily  digested.  Meat,  milk,  eggs,  and  gruels 
are  recommended.  Tea  and  coffee  should  be  used 
sparingly.  All  foods  which  contain  acids,  especially 
vinegar,  should  be  avoided.  A  cup  of  gruel  or  a 
glass  of  milk  between  meals  is  often  the  only 
thing  that  a  mother  is  advised  to  add  to  her  or- 
dinary diet,  if  she  is  in  good  health.  She  should 
avoid  emotions.  She  should  live  in  pure  air,  take 
a  little  outdoor  exercise  every  day,  and  make  up 
during  the  day  any  loss  of  sleep  at  night. 

The  breast  and  nipples  should  be  washed  with 
boiled  water  immediately  before  and  after  each 
nursing,  to  remove  all  traces  of  milk  that  the 
child  may  have  left  on  their  surface,  as  these  de- 
posits  alter   rapidly. 

The  child  should  be  suckled  during  ten  to  fif- 
teen minutes,  and  at  regular  intervals,  to  allow  the 
stomach  to  empty  itself  between  feedings.  Be- 
tween feedings  the  child  should  be  quieted  by  giv- 
ing it  tepid  water  that  has  been  boiled.  The  feed- 
ings should  be  timed  thus: 

The  first  day  may  be  given  three  or  four 
times  during  the  day  a  little  sweetened  tepid  water, 
the  water  having  been  boiled. 

The  remainder  of  the  week  the  infant  shall  be 
suckled  five  or  six  times  during  the  twenty-four 
hours. 

After  the  first  week  and  until  the  ninth  month, 
the  child  should  not  be  suckled  more  than  seven 
times  in  twenty-four  hours. 

From  the  ninth  month  to  the  twelfth  month, 
not  more  than  six  feedings  shall  be  given  in  twen- 
ty-four hours. 

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THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Feeding 


During  the  day  time  there  shall  be  three  hour 
intervals  between  feedings.  During  the  night  one 
feeding  may  be  given,  but  only  till  the  ninth 
month.  From  the  ninth  month,  boiled  water  only 
is  given  during  the  night. 

If  by  following  these  directions,  the  child's 
stools  are  yellow  and  two  or  three  times  in  num- 
ber during  the  twenty-four  hours,  and  if  it  gains 
in  weight  six  to  seven  ounces  a  week  during  the 
first  six  months,  and  half  of  this  weight  during 
the  following  six  months,  it  means  that  the  child 
Bottle  ig   doing  well. 

If,  unfortunately,  it  is  absolutely  impossible 
for  a  mother  to  nurse  her  child,  or  to  secure  for  it 
a  wet  nurse,  there  is  reason  to  expect  that  she  will 
endeavor  at  least,  to  give  her  child  a  food  which, 
by  its  composition  and  purity,  will  most  resemble 
the  mother's  milk  of  which  it  is  deprived.  Her 
best  guide  is  her  physician,  he  alone  having  as- 
certained what  the  child  can  digest — this  being 
the  most  frequent  consideration — can  direct  how 
this  artificial  food  may  be  modified  so  as  to  give 
the  infant,  as  quickly  as  possible,  the  nutritive  ele- 
ments which  it  would  have  found  prepared  in  its 
mother's  milk  or  that  of  a  wet  nurse. 

It  is  universally  admitted  that  cow's  milk  is 
the  best  substitute  for  mother's  milk,  but  it  must 
be  modified  to  render  it  as  nearly  as  possible  sim- 
ilar to  mother's  milk.  With  this  end  in  view  var- 
ious formulas  have  been  recommended.  For  child- 
ren of  normal  weight  the  following  mixtures 
should  prove  generally  successful.  The  pre- 
scriptions of  the  family  doctor,  should,  however, 
always  be  followed,  as  he  may  have  reason  to 
modify  the  mixtures  should  the  child  not  digest 
them  well: 


22 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


MIXTURE  NO.  1.— For  infants  Under  One  Month 

Milk  treated  by  heat  (see  page  26.)  Six  ounces 
vone  small  cupful.) 

Sugar  of  milk  (*)  One  and  one  half  rounded 
tablespoonfuls. 

Water  that  has  been  boiled.  15  ounces  (Tavo 
and  one-half  cupfuls.) 

For  an  infant  under  two  weeks,  give  two 
tablespoonfuls  of  the  above  mixture  at  each  feeding. 

For  an  infant  from  two  to  four  weeks  old, 
give  four  tablespoonfuls. 

Food  should  never  be  given  oftener  than  every 
two  hours  during  the  day  time  and  more  than 
twice   during  the   night. 

MIXTURE  NO.  2— For  Infants  from  One  to  Four 

Months 

Milk  treated  by  heat  (see  page  26)  12  ounces 
(2  small  cupfuls.) 

Sugar  of  Milk  (*)  2  heaping  tablespoonfuls. 

Barley  water  24  ounces   (4  small  cupfuls.) 

For  an  infant  one  month  old,  give  two  ounces 
every  three  hours  during  the  day  and  twice  dur- 
ing the  night. 

For  an  infant  three  months  old,  give  four  oun- 
ces every  three  hours  during  the  day  and  twice  dur- 
ing the  night. 

MIXTURE  NO.  3.— For  Infants  from  Four  to  Six 

Months 

Milk  treated  by  heat  (see  page  26.)  18  ounces 
(3  small  cupfuls). 

Sugar  of  Milk    (*)   2  heaping  tablespoonfuls. 

Barley  water.    24  ounces  (4  small  cupfuls) 

For  an  infant  of  four  months,  give  four  and 
one-half  to  five  ounces  every  three  hours  during 
the  day  and  once  during  the  night. 

For  an  infant  of  five  to  six  months,  give  six 

23 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


to  seven  ounces  every  three  hours  during  the  day 
and  once  during  the  night. 

(*)  If  sugar  of  milk  is  not  available,  use 
ordinary  granulated  sugar,  but  in  amount  a  little 
more  than  half  of  that  directed  for  the  sugar  of 
milk. 


Mixed 
Feeding 


Weaning 


MIXTURE   N0.4— For  Infants   from   Six  to   Nine 

Months. 

Milk  treated  by  heat  (see  page  26)  24  ounces 
(4  small  cupfuls.) 

Sugar  of  Milk  (*)  One  and  one-half  table- 
spoonfuls. 

Barley  water  18  ounces  (3  small  cupfuls.) 

MIXTURE   N0.5.— For  Infants  from  Nine  to 
Twelve   Months. 

Milk  treated  by  heat  (see  page  26.)  33  ounces 
(Five  and  one-half  small  cupfuls.) 

Sugar  of  milk  (*)   1  heaping  tablespoonful. 
Barley  water.  18  ounces  (2  small  cupfuls.) 

Give  eight  to  nine  ounces  every  three  hours 
during  the  day,  but  none  during  the  night. 

Should  it  be  found,  for  any  reason  whatever, 
that  the  mother  has  not  sufficient  quantity  of  milk 
or  that  it  is  not  rich  enough,  breast  feeding  should 
not  be  completely  discontinued,  but  the  deficiency 
should  be  made  up  by  giving,  immediately  after 
each  breast  feeding,  cow's  milk  prepared  accord- 
ing to  the  age  of  the  child,  as  described  in  the 
foregoing  formulas.  This  mixed  feeding  helps 
the  infant  to  digest  the  cows  milk. 

This  is  usually  affected  from  the  ninth  to 
the  twelfth  month,  but,  as  much  as  possible,  avoid 
doing  it  during  the  hot  weather.  Proceed  gradu- 
ally, replacing  for  several  days  one  breast  feed- 
ing by  a  bottle  feeding,  then  two,  three,  and  so 
on,  until  the  weaning  is  completed. 

24 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


The  child's  food  may  be  varied,  but  it  must     Food  for  the 
not  be  allowed  to  sit  at  table  and  partake  of  every-     ^^f    During 

Its  Second 

thing,  as  is  too  often  the  case.  y^^^. 

From  the  twelfth  to  the  twenty-fourth  month, 
the  food  of  the  child  should  consist  chiefly  of  milk 
or  of  foods  in  which  milk  enters.  Its  other  foods 
will  be  made  up  of  gruel,  stale  bread,  dry  biscuits, 
meat  broths,  soft  boiled  eggs,  custards,  rice  and 
milk  puddings.  It  may  also  be  given  for  dessert, 
but  in  small  quantity,  the  juice  of  fruits  or  cooked 
apples. 

Meat  must  not  be  given  to  the  child  till  it 
has  reached  the  age  of  two  years.  Do  not  give 
the  child  wine,  alcohol,  tea  or  coffee. 

REMARKS    REGARDING    THE    PREPARATION 
AND  ADMINISTRATION  OF  ARTIFICAL 

FOOD 

It  is  much  better  to  prepare  the  whole  quantity 
of  food  required  by  the  infant  for  twenty-four 
hours  than  to  prepare  each  feeding  by  itself. 

Sugar  of  milk  entirely  dissolves  in  hot  water 
only,  therefore  it  should  be  added  to  the  water 
while  still  boiling. 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  rich  milk  often 
disagrees  with  infants  during  hot  weather.  If 
vomiting  sets  in,  this  creamy  milk  should  be 
stopped,  and  milk  from  which  cream  has  been 
removed  should  be  used  for  a  time. 

In  artificially  feeding  infants  the  following 
notes  are  to  be  remembered.  The  strength  of  the 
food  should  be  increased  gradually;  the  infant 
resents  rapid  changes.  Feed  regularly ;  after  a  time 
the  infant  becomes  accustomed  to  this  regularity, 
and  will  not  cry  for  food  between  feedings.  Put 
just  the  right  quantity  required  for  the  feeding 
into  the  bottle.     If  any  is  left  over  throw  it  out; 

25 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


do  not  give  it  to  the  infant  a  second  time.  Keep 
the  food  as  cold  as  possible  until  ready  to  use  it, 
then  warm  it  so  as  to  give  it  to  the  child  luke.- 
warm. 

As  a  rule,  it  is  wise  to  begin  with  weak  mix- 
tures first  and  work  up  slowly  to  stronger  mix- 
tures. Children  of  the  same  age  vary  much  as  to 
the  strength  and  quantity  of  food  they  require. 
Small  babies  require  less  than  large  ones.  If  the 
food  thus  made  disagrees  with  the  infant,  a  phy- 
'sician  should  be  consulted;  but  in  case  this  is  not 
convenient,  the  digestibility  of  the  food  may 
sometimes  be  increased,  by  either  weakening  it 
by  the  addition  of  a  little  water  or  by  adding 
limewater  to  it.  Many  physicians  advise  that  a 
dessert  spoonful  of  limewater  be  added  under  ail 
circumstances   to   each   bottleful   of  food. 

From  the  ninth  to  the  twelfth  month,  it  is 
often  advisable  to  begin  to  accustom  the  child  to 
digest  other  foods  besides  milk.  For  this  pur- 
pose suitable  food  may  be  used,  such  as  bread  and 
milk  preparations,  pulp  of  fruit,  etc.  This  may  be 
given  once  a  day,  but  it  will  take  the  place  of  one 
of  the  milk  feedings,  and  should  the  child  seem 
to  be  thirsty  a  few  minutes  after  eating  it,  boiled 
water  should  be  given  it,  not  milk. 

Sometimes  it  is  advantageous  to  give  a  bottle 
fed  infant  a  teaspoonful  of  clear  orange  juice  twice 
a  day,  one  hour  before  meals,  the  juice  from  a 
sound  orange  only. 

TREATMENT   OF   MILK   BY  HEAT 

Heat  will  not  convert  rotten  milk  into  good 
milk.  It  can  only  destroy  a  large  number  of  the 
microbes  contained  in  the  milk,  but  the  secretions 
of  these  same  microbes  are  not  destroyed  and  re- 
main in  the  milk.    Therefore  one  must  endeavor  to 

26 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


destroy  these  microbes  before  they  had  time  to 
contaminate  the  milk  by  their  secretions. 

If  the  milk  be  of  suspicious  quality,  it  should 
be  heated,  in  summer  time  especially.  To  do  so, 
should  not  one  wish  to  purchase  the  special  ap- 
paratus sold  for  this  purpose,  the  bottles  of  milk 
are  placed  in  a  vessel  containing  cold  water,  the 
vessel  is  placed  over  the  fire  and  is  removed  before 
the  water  starts  to  boil.  The  bottles  are  left 
standing  in  the  vessel  ten  minutes  after  it  has 
been  removed  from  the  fire.  When  this  time  is 
expired,  the  bottles  are  taken  out  and  rapidly  cool- 
ed under  the  tap,  and  then  placed  in  the  refriger- 
ator till  time  for  feeding. 

When  the  quality  of  milk  is  above  suspicion, 
the  family  physician  should  be  consulted  to  de- 
cide whether  it  is  sufficient  to  cool  the  milk,  with- 
out previous  heating. 

HOW  TO  PREPARE  BARLEY  WATER 

Put  a  tablespoonful  of  barley  grains  or  barley 
flour  in  one  pint  of  water,  boil  not  less  than  three 
hours  for  the  grain  and  twenty  minutes  only  for 
the  flour,  adding  water  now  and  then  to  main- 
tain the  volume  at  one  pint;  then  strain. 

It  is  advantageous  to  dextrinize  barley  water 
until  the  child  has  reached  the  age  of  six  months. 
For  this  purpose  use  plain  extract  of  malt.  While 
the  barley  water  is  still  tepid  mix  in  a  teaspoonful 
of  extract  of  malt  and  allow  to  stand  during  a 
quarter  of  an  hour,  then  place  over  the  fire,  and 
remove  when  it  is  about  to  boil.  Cool  and  place 
in  the  refrigerator.  Barley  water  must  be  pre- 
pared fresh  every  day,  as  it  does  not  keep. 


27 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


BOTTLES   AND   NIPPLES 

Bottles  with  tubes  are  murderous;  it  is  im- 
possible to  clean  the  tube,  and  the  milk  that  putre- 
fies in  it  contaminates,  as  it  passes  through,  the 
fresh  milk  placed  in  the  bottle.  Good  drug  stores 
do  not  keep  feeding  bottles  with  tubes.  In  France 
a  law  forbids  offering  them  for  sale. 

Purchase  bottles  the  interior  angles  of  which 
are  rounded  off,  and  with  nipples  adaptable  to 
the  neck  of  the  bottle. 

To  cleanse  the  bottle,  first  rinse  with  cold 
water,  then  wash  with  hot  water  and  soda,  using 
a  brush  to  better  remove  clots.  After  washing 
allow  it  to  stand  in  boiled  water  containing  soda 
or  borax  until  the  next  feeding  time.  The  nipples 
should  be  washed  and  scoured  inside  and  outside, 
first  with  cold  water  and  then  with  a  solution  of 
soda  and  water.  Between  feedings  leave  the  nip- 
ples in  a  solution  of  soda  or  borax. 

THINGS  TO  BE  REMEMBERED 

When  baby  cries  remove  the  cause. 

Perhaps  he  has  overeaten. 

Perhaps  he  is  dressed  too  warmly. 

Perhaps  he  needs  a  clean  diaper. 

Perhaps  he  needs  a  bath. 

Perhaps   his   bowels   have  not   moved. 

Perhaps  he  has  been  trotted  or  bounced. 

Perhaps  someone  has  given  him  a  cookie,  or 
some   candy,   or   a   pickle. 

Perhaps  catnip  or  saffron  tea  has  been  forced 
down   him. 

Perhaps  somebody  with  decayed  teeth  and  a 
bad  breath  has  kissed  him. 

Perhaps  his  feet  are  cold. 

Perhaps  he  has  not  been  fed  regularly. 

28 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


SLEEP 

Babies  under  two  years  old  should  sleep  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  hours  in  twenty-four. 

Babies  should  sleep  alone.  Every  year  many 
babies  are  smothered  to  death,  their  mothers  go- 
ing to  sleep  with  them  in  the  big  bed. 

Babies  should  sleep  in  a  well  ventilated  room. 
Bad  air  makes  bad  and  sick  babies. 

Babies  should  be  taught  to  go  to  sleep  at  6 
p.  m.,  until  three  years  old.  After  that  gradually 
raise  the  limit  to  8  p.  m. 

Babies  should  not  be  put  to  sleep  in  their 
mother's  arms.     It's  bad  for  baby  and  mother. 

Babies  should  not  be  rocked  to  sleep. 

Babies  should  be  protected  from  all  excitement. 

Babies  should  never  be  given  soothing  syrup. 

See  that  your  baby  is  registered. 

EXERCISE 

Babies   should   play. 

Babies  should  play  in  the  open  air  when  pos- 
sible. 

Babies  should  not  be  tickled. 

Babies  like  to  romp.     Romp  with  them. 

Babies  may  be  gently  rolled  and  kneaded  in 
the  bath  for  exercise. 

Babies  like  to  romp  and  play  on  the  floor.  Be 
sure  to  spread  a  sheet  or  washable  rug  on  the  car- 
pet, for  carpets  hold  dirt  and  germs  tracked  in 
by  dogs,  cats  and  human  feet. 

Babies  should  not  play  on  the  floor  in  cold 
weather.     Let  them  play  on  the  bed. 

Babies  should  not  be  fastened  for  a  long  time 
in  their  high  chairs  or  go  carts,  for  then  they  wil] 
not  develop. 

Babies'  playthings  should  be  frequently  wash- 
ed and  baked  in  the  oven  of  the  kitchen  stove,  to 
kill  any  germs  which  might  be  on  them. 

See  that  your  baby  is  registered. 

29 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


CLOTHING 

Babies  should  be  dressed  lightly  and  loosely 
in  clothing  fitting  the  season. 

Babies'  underwear  should  be  cotton  and  wool 
mixed  goods. 

Babies'  feet  must  be  kept  dry. 

Babies'  socks  should  be  knitted  of  soft  woolen 
or  cotton  and  wool  yarn. 

Babies'  throats  must  not  be  tied  up  except  in 
severe  weather.  Throat  protectors  make  weak 
throats. 

Babies  should  have  broad,  soft  and  loose  shoes. 

Babies  should  never  have  their  faces  pro- 
tected with  veils  except  in  severe  weather.  They 
need  the  air  which  veils  keep  away. 

FEEDING  THE  GROWING  CHILD  DURING  THE 

SECOND  YEAR 

Much  of.  the  illness  and  suffering  among 
babies  commonly  attributed  to  the  ''second  sum- 
mer" or  to  teething  is  actually  due  to  errors  in 
feeding.  The  baby's  delicate  digestive  mechanism, 
accustomed  to  dealing  only  with  milk,  can  not  all 
at  once  undertake  the  task  of  adjustment  to  a 
varied  diet  of  solid  foods,  but  must  be  strength- 
ened by  the  gradual  addition  of  new  foods  until 
the  organs  are  trained  to  more  complicated  opera- 
tions. The  safe  rule  for  feeding  the  baby  is  to 
add  but  one  new  food  at  a  time  to  his  dietary;  to 
watch  carefully  the  effect  of  each  one  and  to  with- 
draw it  and  return  to  the  simpler  diet  at  the  first 
sign  of  trouble.  These  rules  are  particularly  im- 
portant in  summer,  when  a  baby  is  more  readily 
upset. 


30 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


The  following  list  shows  the  day's  meals  for 
a  baby  in  his  second  year: 
7  A.  M.  Milk. 

Zwiebach,  toast,  or  dried  bread. 
9  A.  M.  Orange  juice. 
10  A.  M.  Cereal. 

Cup   of  milk. 
2  P.  M.  Broth. 
Meats. 
Vegetables. 
Stale  bread. 
Baked   apple. 
6  P.  M.  Cereal 
Milk. 

Toast  or  bread. 
10  P.  M.  Milk.     (May  be  omitted). 
Milk — At  this  time  the  baby  should  be  tak- 
ing about  one  quart  of  milk  in  24  hours;  part  of 
this  may  be  poured  over  the   cereal. 

Cereals — Oatmeal  should  be  cooked  three 
hours,  with  a  little  salt  in  the  water.  It  should 
be  served  without  sugar,  or  with  a  very  little  only. 
The  lighter  cereals  should  be  cooked  at  least  an 
hour. 

Breads — Bread  for  young  children  must  have 
been  thoroughly  baked  and  should  be  quite  dry 
when  used,  that  is  at  least  two  days  old.  Tender 
toast  is  made  by  cutting  thin  slices  from  such  a 
loaf  and  allowing  them  to  dry  still  more,  then 
toasting  them  to  a  delicate  brown  over  a  quick 
fire.  Toast  thus  made  is  crisp  all  the  way  through 
and  may  be  used  in  many  ways.  Many  children 
will  like  to  eat  it  broken  into  bits  in  broth  or 
milk.  Hot  bread  and  biscuits,  griddle  cakes,  and 
muffins  are  not  suitable  for  young  children. 

Fruit — The  child  may  have  a  small  portion 
of  baked  apple  or  prunes  once  a  day  in  addition 
to  his  morning  feeding  of  orange  juice.  The  appb 

31 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


should  be  baked  very  tender,  and  all  the  skin,  seeds 
and  hard  parts  should  be  removed.  Prunes  should 
be  very  carefully  washed,  soaked  all  night,  then 
cooked  until  very  tender  with  very  little  sugar. 
A  small  portion  of  the  strained  pulp  may  be  giv- 
en instead  of  apple,  and  the  juice  may  be  used 
also. 

Meat — The  child  may  have  about  a  table- 
spoonful  of  scraped  meat,  or  a  soft  boiled  or  coddled 
egg  once  a  day.  Beef,  broiled,  boiled,  or  roasted,  the 
tender  part  of  a  lamb-chop,  or  the  delicate  mieat  of 
a  chicken  or  fish  may  be  used.  All  meat  should 
be  scraped  or  minced  very  fine,  as  no  child  of  this 
age  can  be  trusted  to  chew  it  properly. 

Vegetables — A  small  portion  of  some  pro- 
perly cooked  green  vegetables  like  spinach  or 
tender  string  beans  may  be  given.  Such  vege- 
tables should  be  fresh.  They  should  be  cooked, 
then  drained  and  mashed  or  strained  through  a 
colander. 

FEEDING  THE  CHILD  OF  THREE 

At  the  beginning  of  the  third  year  the  child's 
diet  may  be  increased  by  adding  more  solid  food, 
especially  meats  and  vegetables.  According  to 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  every  heal- 
thy child  of  three  should  have  at  least  one  food 
a  day  from  each  of  the  following  five  groups. 

1.  Milk    and    dishes    made    chiefly    of      milk 

(most    important    group    in    children's 
diet)  ;  meat,  fish,  poultry  and  eggs. 

2.  Bread  and  other  cereal  foods. 

3.  Butter  and  other  wholesome  fats. 

4.  Vegetables    and    fruits. 


K 


5. 


Simple  sweets. 


The  meats   should  be  beef,  boiled,  broiled  or 
roasted;  lamb  chops;  the  white  meat  of  chicken; 

32 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


or  delicate  fish.  All  meat  should  be  free  from 
fat,  gristle,  or  bone  and  finely  minced  when  given 
to  the  child. 

Eggs  should  be  very  soft  boiled,  coddled,  or 
poached,  or  soft  scrambled.  Fried  eggs  should  never 
be  given  to  a  child,  but  the  grated  or  mashed  yoke 
of  a  very  hard  boiled  egg  may  sometimes  be  used. 
Meat  broths  made  from  mutton,  beef,  or 
chicken  have  little  nutriment,  but  if  these  are 
thickened  with  arrowroot  or  corn  starch,  and 
especially  if  milk  is  added,  they  become  a  valuable 
food.  Well-cooked  vegetables,  strained  and  ad- 
ded to  warm  milk,  are  not  only  good  foods  but 
serve  to  teach  the  child  to  like  vegetables. 

Cereals  should  be  thoroughly  cooked  and  served 
with  milk  or  thin  cream  and  a  very  small  amount  of 
sugar  or  none. 

Bread  for  a  child  should  be  at  least  two  days 
old.  Toast,  zwieback,  or  hard  crackers  may  be 
given  twice  a  day. 

Baked  potatoes  moistened  with  a  little  butter, 
thin  cream,  beef  juice,  or  platter  gravy  may  be 
given. 

Asparagus  tips,  spinach,  stewed  celery, 
squash,  string  beans,  carrots,  young  peas,  well 
cooked  and  mashed,  or  put  through  a  puree  sieve, 
are  all  good  for  a  child.  A  small  portion  of  one 
of  these  vegetables  may  be  a  part  of  the  child's 
dinner  each   day. 

Fruits  should  be  continually  used.  At  this 
age  sweet  oranges,  baked  apples,  or  stewed  prunes 
are  most  useful.  The  juice  or  mashed  pulp  of 
fresh  ripe  pears  or  peaches  may  be  given  in  the 
third  year,  but  there  is  much  danger  in'  using 
overripe  or  green  fruit,  as  well  as  in  giving  too 
much.  It  is  especially  necessary  to  be  careful  in 
hot  weather  when  fresh  fruit  decays  rapidly. 
Bananas  should  never  be  given  to  a  young  child. 

33 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


A  child  under  fours  years  of  age  should  never 
have  dried  or  salted  meats,  sausage,  pork,  game, 
liver,  kidney,  goose  or  duck.  Fried  and  raw  veg- 
etables, hot  fresh  breads,  cakes  and  pastries,  sal- 
ads, candy,  sirups,  tea,  coffee,  beer,  cider,  and  soda 
water  are  all  unsuitable  foods  for  a  child. 

CARE  OF  THE  GROWING  CHILD'S  TEETH 

By  the-  end  of  the  second  year  the  baby  should 
have  his  milk  teeth  complete  and  until  the  sixth 
or  seventh  year,  when  the  permanent  set  will  be- 
gin to  appear,  these  teeth  must  serve  all  the 
purposes  that  the  final  set  will  serve  later.  Since 
this  is  the  time  the  child  is  learning  to  chew  his 
food,  a  process  necessary  not  only  for  proper 
digestion  but  for  the  strengthening  and  develop- 
ing of  his  jaws  and  for  the  proper  growth  of  the 
permanent  teeth,  it  is  important  to  keep  the  first 
teeth  in  the  best  possible  working  order.  The 
condition  of  the  teeth  is  a  fair  index  to  the  gen- 
eral health  of  the  child. 

Until  the  child  is  old  enough  to  use  a  tooth- 
brush himself,  the  mother  should  wash  his  teeth 
every  day;  but  as  early  as  possible  the  child  should 
learn  to  care  for  his  own  teeth.  If  the  teeth  can 
not  conveniently  be  cleaned  after  each  meal,  the 
mouth  may  at  least  be  rinsed.  Children  should 
be  taught  that  it  is  of  special  importance  to  wash 
the  teeth  and  mouth  after  eating  nuts,  or  any 
sweet,  sticky,  or  pasty  food.  The  teeth  should  be 
carefully  cleaned  at  bedtime  since  the  fermenta- 
tion of  food  particles  left  in  the  mouth,  which  leads 
to  the  decay  of  the  teeth,  proceeds  more  rapidly  at 
night,  when  the  mouth  is  still. 

The  child  should  be  taught  to  brush  the 
teeth  from  the  gums  downward  or  upward  toward 
the   cutting   edge.     When   the   teeth   are   brushed 

34 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


crosswise,  the  tendency  is  to  push  whatever  is'  on 
them  into  the  cracks  and  crevices  of  the  teeth  or 
under  the  edges  of  the  gums.  The  inner  surfaces 
of  the  teeth  should  also  be  brushed  up  and  down, 
and  the  grinding  surfaces  should  be  scrubbed  in 
all  directions;  after  the  scrubbing  is  finished  the 
mouth  should  be  thoroughly  rinsed  with  warm 
water. 

Some  hard  food  like  a  stalk  of  celery  or  part 
of  a  ripe  juicy  apple  eaten  at  the  end  of  a  meal 
scours  the  surface  of  the  teeth  and  leaves  a  fresh 
clean  taste  in  the  mouth. 

Children  should  be  taken  regularly  to  a  good 
dentist  once  or  twice  a  year  after  the  first  set  of 
teeth  is  complete.  If  cavities  appear  they  should 
be  filled  with  soft  fillings,  and  each  tooth  should 
be  saved  as  long  as  possible.  If  fhe  temporary 
molars  are  extracted  before  the  sixth  year  molars 
come  in,  the  latter  will  be  apt  to  crowd  forward 
into  the  space  left  vacant,  and  when  the  later  teeth 
come  they  will  be  pushed  out  of  their  regular 
places,  destroying  the  natural  lines  of  the  mouth. 
The  first  molars  furnish  the  grinding  surfaces 
necessary  to  proper  chewing  of  the  food.  If  they 
fall  out  too  soon  the  child  is  hardly  able  to  chew 
hard  or  tough  food,  and  is  likely  to  swallow  such 
food  in  chunks. 

The  care  of  the  child's  first  teeth  is  impor- 
tant because  the  health  of  the  permanent  set  is 
largely  dependent  upon  that  of  the  first  set.  The 
second  teeth  are  much  larger  than  the  first  and 
consequently  need  more  room  in  the  gum.  For 
necessary  development  the  jaws  must  be  given 
plenty  of  exercise.  Consequently  the  child  should 
have  a  mixed  diet,  including  some  hard  food  which 
he  cannot  swallow  without  chewing.  Toast, 
crusts,  hard  crackers,  certain  fruits  like  apples, 
salad,   vegetables,    and   meats    should   provide   the 

35 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Age  to 
Begin     School 


Know   Your 

Child's 

Friends 


Moral 
Instructions 


Faults 


food    elements    needed    for    healthy    teeth    if    the 
child  is  thriving. 

AS  YOUR  CHILD  GROWS  OLDER 

Ordinarily  your  child  should  not  enter  school 
before  the  age  of  six  years.  A  fusion  of  vision 
does  not  occur  until  the  sixth  year.  For  the  same 
reason  children  should  not  before  this  age  be  al- 
lowed to  spend  too  much  time  in  studying  pictures, 
blocks,  etc.,  as  they  commonly  hold  these  objects 
close  to  their  eyes  and  in  this  way  they  become 
nearsighted. 

Take  your  child  into  your  confidence,  it  is 
your  duty,  and  you  will  be  rewarded  as  the  child 
grows  older  if  you  make  their  friends  your  friends 
and  without  snobbishness  as  to  the  social  stand- 
ing assist  your  boy  and  girl  in  selecting  their  most 
intimate  playmates. 

If  they  select  friends  that  you  know  to  be 
undesirable  or  apt  to  exert  evil  influences,  you 
should  invent  other  avenues  of  pleasure  for  them 
so  interesting  and  attractive  that  the  ones  you 
wish  them  to  avoid  will  be  crowded  aside. 

You  are  the  molder  of  your  child's  character. 
He  is  the  raw  material  placed  in  your  hands  for 
final  development.  He  does  not  know  the  dif- 
ference between  good  and  evil  and  if  you  do  not 
take  the  time  and  have  the  patience  to  teach  him 
he  will  mold  his  own  character  by  wandering  and 
stumbling  in  the  dark  as  he  gathers  instruction  with 
associates  of  his  own  selection. 

When  a  child  collides  with  the  moral  code  he 
should  be  taught  gently,  wisely  and  firmly  wherein 
he  did  wrong  for  he  instinctively  expects  and  has 
the  inalienable  right  to  receive  his  moral  bearings 
from  his  parents. 

Learn  to  discriminate  between  real  and  ap- 
parent faults.     Remember  that  children  delight  in 

36 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


rxoise  while  grownups  prefer  quiet.  A  child  can- 
not understand  why  he  should  not  scatter  his  be- 
longings indiscriminately,  why  he  should  not  play 
in  puddles  and  soil  his  hands  and  clothing.  For 
these  natural  tendencies  the  child  should  not  be 
punished,  instead,  the  child  should  be  taught  by 
example  the  necessary  habits  of  tidiness  and  order. 
Children  are  natural  imitators  and  will  readily 
follow  the  examples  set  by  the  grown-ups  of  the 
household. 

Remember  that  each  child  has  his  own  individ- 
uality and  will  power.  Do  not  try  to  change  the 
individual  but  properly  train  it.  To  break  a  child's 
will  power  is  a  disaster  as  it  cripples  the  child 
morally.  The  chief  object  of  all  training  is  to 
lead  the  child  to  love  to  do  right  and  to  see  the 
ugliness  and  painfulness  of  wrong  doing. 

The  child  should  be  taught  to  think  out 
things  for  himself,  to  experiment  and  discover 
for  himself  why  wrong  ideas  do  not  work  to  ad- 
vantage. When  a  strong  willed  child  insists  on 
having  his  own  way,  even  when  he  knows  his  way 
is  wrong,  you  should  allow  him  to  do  so  at  the 
same  time  exercising  sufficient  ingenuity  to  con- 
vince him  that  his  way  was  not  a  pleasant  way, 
that  he  suffered  from  it  and  that  the  results  were 
disastrous.  By  this  he  learns  a  lesson  from  ac- 
tual experience  and  he  will  then  realize  perfectly 
that  the  suffering  has  been  the  result  of  his  own 
deed. 

Quick  temper,  irritability  and  nervousness  are 
often  caused  by  bad  digestion,  lack  of  sleep  or  out- 
door exercise.  These  conditions  should  be  correct- 
ed. But  in  any  event  during  undue  outbursts  of 
temper  do  not  nag  or  employ  harsh  measures. 
Quiet,  gentle  persuasion  or  perhaps  ignoring  the 
child  for  a  time  will  accomplish  more  than  physical 
restraint  or  other  forms  of  punishment. 

37 


Will  Power 


Temper 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Untruth- 
fulness 


Impudence 


Untruthfulness  is  natural  with  the  develop- 
ing child  and  should  be  intelligently  handled. 

A  child  often  resorts  to  three  forms  of  un- 
truthfulness, first,  the  imaginative  lie,  second,  the 
evasive  lie,  and  third,  the  polite  lie. 

The  imaginative  lie  is  the  common  expression 
of  the  imagination,  like  fairy  tales,  the  stories  of 
mythology,  ordinary  day  dreams,  etc.,  in  other 
words,  the  creative  instinct  of  the  growing  mind. 
Very  young  children  often  do  not  know  the  dif- 
ference between  what  they  imagine  and  what  they 
actually  see.  This  is  not  a  fault  and  v/ill  disappear 
in  time. 

The  evasive  lie  is  the  lie  to  avoid  punishment 
and  can  be  cured  by  removing  the  fear  of  physical 
punishment  and  substitute  the  mental  punishment 
of  having  him  confess  his  own  fault. 

A  polite  lie  is  the  worst  form  and  very  un- 
childlike.  This  form  of  untruthfulness  is  usually 
employed  to  obtain  something  desired  and  the 
mother  should  guard  against  this  form  with  all 
the  force  at  her  command.  The  child  should  know- 
that  its  wishes,  if  legitimate,  could  be  obtained 
by  direct  and  truthful  methods. 

Impudence  is  usually  due  to  lack  of  perception 
and  to  bad  example.  The  immature  intellect  does 
not  perceive  like  the  trained  mind  of  the  adult,  as 
the  child  has  not  had  the  advantage  of  observing 
the  undesirable  impressions  that  an  impudent  in- 
dividual leaves  with  his  associates.  Bad  example 
is  the  most  common  cause  and  can  be  directly 
blamed  to  many  parents. 

Very  few  parents  are  as  consistently  courteous 
to  their  children  as  they  are  to  their  adult  acquaint- 
ances. They  too  often  address  members  of  their 
own  household  with  harsh  tones  and  rough,  abrupt 
forms  of  speech  that  would  not  be  tolerated  from 


38 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Punishment 


their  business  and  social  associates.  Under  these 
conditions  the  child  instinctively  rebells  against 
this  unjust  discrimination  and  becomes  impudent 
as  a  matter  of  self  defense. 

Corporal    punishment    is      seldom      necessary, 
never  right  and  always  harmful. 

Coi-poral  punishment  teaches  the  child  nothing  Corporal 
of  the  reason  why  what  he  does  is  wrong.  It  is 
wrong  because  it  impresses  fear  of  pain  as  the 
motive  for  conduct  instead  of  love  of  righteousness. 
It  is  wrong  because  it  cultivates  cowardice,  deceit- 
fulness  and  anger.  Proper  methods  of  discipline 
should  tend  to  refine  a  child's  sensibilities.  Disci- 
pline should  be  educational,  explanatory  and  with 
a  view  of  interpreting  to  the  youthful  mind  the 
full  significance  of  righteousness. 

DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE   SPECIAL   SENSES 

The  newly-born  infant  avoids  the  light.  Its  Sight 
pupils  contract  in  a  light  room,  and  if  a  bright 
light  is  brought  before  the  eyes  they  close.  Dur- 
ing the  first  few  weeks  the  infant  indicates  by 
every  sign  that  excessive  light  is  unpleasant.  As 
early  as  the  sixth  day  the  eyes  will  sometimes  fol- 
low a  light  in  the  room,  and  the  child  may  even 
turn  the  head  for  this  purpose.  The  muscles  of 
the  eyes  of  the  newly-born  infant  act  irregularly 
and  not  in  harmony.  Co-ordinate  action  for  gen- 
eral purposes  is  not  established  until  about  the  end 
of  the  third  month.  Even  after  this  time  inco-ordi- 
nate  action  is  occasionally  seen.  The  eyelids  also 
move  irregularly,  and  are  often  partly  separated 
during  sleep.  The  cornea  is  but  slightly  sensitive 
during  the  first  weeks. 

It  is  important  that  the  room  in  which  the 
newly  born  child  is  placed  should  be  darkened,  and 
that  for  the  first  few  weeks  the  eyes  should  be 
protected  against  strong  light. 

39 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Hearing 


Touch 


For  the  first  twenty-four  hours  after  birth  in- 
fants are  deaf.  This  deafness  sometimes  persists 
for  several  days.  It  is  believed  to  be  due  to  ab- 
sence of  air  from  the  middle  ear  and  to  swelling  of 
the  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the  tympanum. 
With  the  movements  of  respiration,  air  gradually 
finds  its  way  into  the  middle  ear,  and  the  swelling 
subsides  during  the  first  few  days.  After  this  the 
hearing  gradually  improves,  and  during  the  early 
months  of  life  it  is  very  acute.  The  child  starts 
at  the  slamming  of  a  door,  and  even  moderately 
loud  noises  will  waken  it  from  sleep.  By  the  end 
of  the  second  month  it  will  sometimes  turn  its  head 
in  the  direction  from  which  the  sound  comes,  and 
by  the  end  of  the  third  month  this  will  usually  be 
done.  Demme  found,  in  observations  upon  one 
hundred  and  fifty  infants,  that  the  voices  of  parents 
were  recognized  on  an  average  at  three  and  a  half 
months. 

Not  only  are  the  ears  unusually  sensitive  to 
sound  in  infancy,  but  the  impression  produced  upon 
the  brain  is  often  marked — very  loud  sounds  caus- 
ing great  fright,  and  sometimes  even,  it  is  report- 
ed, convulsions. 

Tactile  sensibility  is  present  at  birth,  but  is 
not  highly  developed  except  in  the  lips,  and 
tongue,  where  it  is  very  acute  for  the  obvious  ne- 
cessity of  sucking.  After  the  third  month  it  is 
fairly  acute  over  the  surface  of  the  body  generally. 
Two  especially  sensitive  areas,  according  to  Preyer, 
are  the  forehead  and  external  auditory  meatus. 

Sensibility  to  painful  impressions  is  present 
in  early  infancy,  but  very  dull  as  compared  with 
later  childhood. 

Temperature  is  also  distinguished.  This 
recognition  is  especially  acute  in  the  tongue.  A 
young  infant  is  often  seen  to  refuse  to  take  the  bot- 


40 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


tie  because  the  milk  is  only  a  few  degrees  too  cold 
or  too  warm. 

This  is  highly  developed,  even  from  birth.  Ac- 
cording to  the  experiments  of  Kussmaul,  the  ability 
to  distinguish  sweet,  sour  and  bitter,  exists  in  the 
newly-born  child — sweet  exciting  sucking  move- 
ments, and  bitter,  grimaces.  A  young  infant  de- 
tects with  surprising  accuracy  the  slightest  varia- 
tions in  the  taste  of  its  food,  and  the  smallest  dif- 
ference is  often  enough  to  cause  it  to  refuse  its 
bottle  altogether.  Sweet  substances  are  always 
easily  administered,  and  in  combination  with  syrups 
even  very  bitter  substances  can  be  given;  but  to 
aromatic  powders  and  elixirs  it  usually  objects. 

There  is  a  very  wide  variation  in  children  with 
reference  to  the  time  of  development  of  the  func- 
tion of  speech.  Girls,  as  a  rule,  talk  from  two 
to  four  months  earlier  than  boys.  Toward  the  end 
of  the  first  year  the  average  child  begins  with  the 
words  "papa"  and  "mama."  By  the  end  of  the 
second  year  it  is  able  to  put  words  together  in 
short  sentences  of  two  or  three  words.  Progress 
in  speech  from  this  time  is  very  rapid,  each  month 
showing  great  improvement.  Names  of  persons 
are  commonly  first  acquired,  then  the  names  of 
objects.  Next  to  this  the  verbs  are  learned,  and 
then  adverbs  and  adjectives.  Conjunctions,  preposi- 
tions, and  articles  follow  in  order,  and  last  of  all  the 
personal  pronouns. 

If  a  child  of  two  years  makes  no  attempt  to 
speak,  some  mental  defect  may  usually  be  in- 
ferred. 

The  deciduous  or  milk  teeth  are  twenty  in 
number.  The  time  at  which  they  appear  is  sub- 
ject to  considerable  variations  even  under  normal 
conditions.  The  following  is  the  order  and  the 
average  time  of  appearance  of  the  different  teeth: 


Taste 


Speech 


Dentition 


41 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


Eruption 
of    the 
Permanent 
Teeth 


(1)  Two  lower  central  incisors,  6  to  9  months 

(2)  Four  upper  incisors 8  to  12  months 

(3)  Two  lower  lateral  incisors  and 

four  anterior  molars ...  12  to  15  months. 

(4)  Four  canines 18  to  24  months. 

(5)  Four  posterior  molars  .  .24  to  30  months. 

At  1  year  a  child  should  have 6    teeth. 

At  1  1-2  years  a  child  should  have  12     teeth 

At  2  years  a  child  should  have 16     teeth. 

At  2  1-2  years  a  child  should  have ....  20  teeth 
The  first  to  appear  are  the  first  molars,  which 

usualy  come  in  the  sixth  year,  and  hence  the  name 
six-year-old  molars,  which  is  applied  to  them.  These 
appear  posterior  to  second  molars  of  the  first  set. 
The  following  table  from  Forchheimer  gives  the 
average  time  of  the  appearance  of  the  second 
teeth : 

First  molars 6  years. 

Incisors    7  to  8 

Bicuspids    9  to  10 

Canines      12  to  14 

Second  molars 12  to  15 

Third   molars    17  to  25 


42 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


TABLE  SHOWING  "WEIGHT,  HEIGHT,  AND  CIRCUMFERENCE  OP  THE 
HEAD  AND  CHEST  FROM  BIRTH  TO  THE  SIXTEENTH  YEAR 


Age 


Sex 


"Weight 


Pounds 


Height 


Inches 


Chest 


Inches 


Head 


Inches 


Birth      .  .  . 

6   months 

12   months 

18   months 

2  years 

3  years 

4  years 

5  years 

6  years 

7  years 

8  years 

9  years 

10  years 

11  years 

12  years 

13  years 

14  years 

15  years 

16  years 


Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 

Boys 
Girls 


7.55 
7.16 

16.0 
15.5 

20.5 
19.8 

22.8 
22.0 

26.5 
25.5 

31.2 
30.0 

35.0 
34.0 

41.2 
39.8 

45.1 
43.8 

49.5 
48.0 

54.5 
52.9 

60.0 
57.5 

66.6 
64.1 

72.4 
70.3 

79.8 
81.4 

88.3 
91.2- 

99.3 
100.3 

110.8 
108.4 

123.7 
113.0 


20.6 
20.5 

25.4 
25.0 

29.0 
28.7 

30.0 
29.7 

32.5 
32.5 

35.0 
35.0 

38.0 
38.0 

41.7 
41.4 

44.1 
43.6 

46.2 
45.9 

48.2 
48.0 

50.1 
49.6 

52.2 
51.8 

54.0 
53.8 

55.8 
57.1 

58.2 
58.7 

61.0 
60.3 

63.0 
61.4 

65.6 
61.7 


13.4 
13.0 

16.5 
16.1 

18.0 
17.4 

18.5 
18.0 

19.0 
18.5 

20.1 
19.8 

20.7 
20.5 

21.5 
21.0 

23.2 
22.8 

23.7 
23.3 

24.4 
23.8 

25.1 
24.5 

25.8 
24.7 

26.4 
25.8 

27.0 
26.8 

27.7 
28.0 


29.2 

30.0 
30.3 

31.2 
30.8 


13.9 
13.5 

17.0 
16.6 

18.0 
17.6 

18.5 
18.0 

18.9 
18.6 

19.3 
19.0 

19.7 
19.5 

20.5 
20.2 


21.0 
20.7 


21.8 
21.5 


43 


THE  MOTHERS'  BOOK 


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